doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182661f63
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Obesity phenotypes in midlife and cognition in early old age: The Whitehall II cohort study.

       
       
        A. Singh-Manoux, S. Czernichow, A. Elbaz, A. Dugravot, S. Sabia, G. Hagger-Johnson, S. Kaffashian, M. Zins, E. J. Brunner, H. Nabi, M. Kivimaki
       
        Objective: To examine the association of body mass index (BMI) and metabolic status with cognitive function and decline.
       
        Methods: A total of 6,401 adults (71.2% men), aged 39-63 years in 1991-1993, provided data on BMI (normal weight 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, overweight 25-29.9 kg/m2; and obese ≥30 kg/m2) and metabolic status (abnormality defined as 2 or more of 1) triglycerides ≥1.69 mmol/L or lipid-lowering drugs, 2) systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mm Hg, or antihypertensive drugs, 3) glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L or medications for diabetes, and 4) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <1.04 mmol/L for men and <1.29 mmol/L for women). Four cognitive tests (memory, reasoning, semantic, and phonemic fluency) were administered in 1997-1999, 2002-2004, and 2007-2009, standardized to z scores, and averaged to yield a global score.
       
        Results: Of the participants, 31.0% had metabolic abnormalities, 52.7% were normal weight, 38.2% were overweight, and 9.1% were obese. Among the obese, the global cognitive score at baseline (p = 0.82) and decline (p = 0.19) over 10 years was similar in the metabolically normal and abnormal groups. In the metabolically normal group, the 10-year decline in the global cognitive score was similar (p for trend = 0.36) in the normal weight (?0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] ?0.42 to ?0.38), overweight (?0.42; 95% CI ?0.45 to ?0.39), and obese (?0.42; 95% CI ?0.50 to ?0.34) groups. However, in the metabolically abnormal group, the decline on the global score was faster among obese (0.49; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.42) than among normal weight individuals (0.42; 95% CI 0.50 to ?0.34), (p = 0.03).
       
        Conclusions: In these analyses the fastest cognitive decline was observed in those with both obesity and metabolic abnormality.
       
        GLOSSARY
        BMI= body mass index; HDL= high-density lipoprotein; MHO= metabolically healthy obesity
       
       
来源：生物谷